Vector quantized image modeling with improved vqgan - But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...

 
Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.. Colorado

But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN may 17, 2022 ... Image-Text Pre-training with Contrastive Captioners ... Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ...Our experiments show that causal decoder-only models trained on an autoregressive language modeling objective exhibit the strongest zero-shot generalization after purely unsupervised pretraining. However, models with non-causal visibility on their input trained with a masked language modeling objective followed by multitask finetuning perform ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end. VQGAN is an improved version of this that introduces an ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.Motivated by this success, we explore a Vector-quantized Image Modeling (VIM) approach that involves pretraining a Transformer to predict rasterized image tokens autoregressively. The...We propose Vector-quantized Image Modeling (VIM), which pretrains a Transformer to predict image tokens autoregressively, where discrete image tokens are produced from improved ViT-VQGAN image quantizers. With our proposed improvements on image quantization, we demonstrate superior results on both image generation and understanding.Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN Yu, Jiahui ; Li, Xin ; Koh, Jing Yu ; Zhang, Han ; Pang, Ruoming ; Qin, James ; Ku, Alexander ; Xu, YuanzhongDescribed as “a bunch of Python that can take words and make pictures based on trained data sets," VQGANs (Vector Quantized Generative Adversarial Networks) pit neural networks against one another to synthesize “plausible” images. Much coverage has been on the unsettling applications of GANs, but they also have benign uses. Hands-on access through a simplified front-end helps us develop ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...The Vector-Quantized (VQ) codebook is first introduced in VQVAE , which aims to learn discrete priors to encode images. The following work VQGAN proposes a perceptual codebook by further using perceptual loss and adversarial training objectives . We briefly describe the VQGAN model with its codebook in this section, and more details can be ...Image encoders compress an image into smaller dimensions, sometimes even quantized into a discrete space (such as the VQGAN from taming-transformers used in Craiyon). In this article, we try to reproduce the results from ViT-VQGAN (" Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN ") and experiment with further adaptations.Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Posted by Jiahui Yu, Senior Research Scientist, and Jing Yu Koh, Research Software Engineer, Google Research In recent years, natural language processing models have dramatically improved their ability to learn general-purpose representations, which has resulted in significant performance gains for a wide range of natural language generation and natural language understanding tasks. In large ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...In “ Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN ”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization techniques to yield improved performance on image generation and image understanding tasks. In the first stage, an image quantization model, called VQGAN, encodes an image into lower-dimensional discrete ...Autoregressive Image Generation using Residual Quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization techniques to yield improved performance on image generation and image understanding tasks.A vector quantization library originally transcribed from Deepmind's tensorflow implementation, made conveniently into a package. It uses exponential moving averages to update the dictionary. VQ has been successfully used by Deepmind and OpenAI for high quality generation of images (VQ-VAE-2) and music (Jukebox). Motivated by this success, we explore a Vector-quantized Image Modeling (VIM) approach that involves pretraining a Transformer to predict rasterized image tokens autoregressively. The...The concept is build upon two stages. The first stage learns in an autoencoder-like fashion by encoding images into a low-dimensional latent space, then applying vector quantization by making use of a codebook. Afterwards, the quantized latent vectors are projected back to the original image space by using a decoder.A vector quantization library originally transcribed from Deepmind's tensorflow implementation, made conveniently into a package. It uses exponential moving averages to update the dictionary. VQ has been successfully used by Deepmind and OpenAI for high quality generation of images (VQ-VAE-2) and music (Jukebox).The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256x256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement over ...In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization techniques to yield improved performance on image generation and image understanding tasks.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Prior works have largely connected image to text through pretraining and/or fine-tuning on curated image-text datasets, which can be a costly and expensive process. In order to resolve this limitation, we propose a simple yet effective approach called Language-Quantized AutoEncoder (LQAE), a modification of VQ-VAE that learns to align text ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...A vector quantization library originally transcribed from Deepmind's tensorflow implementation, made conveniently into a package. It uses exponential moving averages to update the dictionary. VQ has been successfully used by Deepmind and OpenAI for high quality generation of images (VQ-VAE-2) and music (Jukebox). The concept is build upon two stages. The first stage learns in an autoencoder-like fashion by encoding images into a low-dimensional latent space, then applying vector quantization by making use of a codebook. Afterwards, the quantized latent vectors are projected back to the original image space by using a decoder.Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.Rethinking the Objectives of Vector-Quantized Tokenizers for Image Synthesis. Vector -Quantized (VQ-based) generative models usually consist of two basic components, i.e., VQ tokenizers and generative transformers. Prior research focuses on improving the reconstruction fidelity of VQ tokenizers but rarely examines how the improvement in ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN may 17, 2022 ... Image-Text Pre-training with Contrastive Captioners ... Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ...openreview.net あくまで個人的なメモVQGANの改善とベクトル量子化を使った画像生成モデル・画像分類モデルの改善。VQVAEはCNNベースのAE、VQGANはそこにadversarial lossを導入した。 これらはCNNのauto encoder(AE)の学習(ステージ1)とencodeしたlatent variablesの密度をCNN(or Transformer)で学習する(ステージ2)という2つ ...We first propose multiple improvements over vanilla VQGAN from architecture to codebook learning, yielding better efficiency and reconstruction fidelity. The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning.An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale by Dustin Brunner. Do Deep Generative Models Know What They Don’t Know? by Rongxing Liu. May 31st: Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN by TBD; Detecting Out-of-Distribution Inputs to Deep Generative Models Using Typicality by Dion Hopkinson-SibleyVector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.一、改进点: 1.stage1(image quantization ViT-VQGAN): 基于ViT的VQGAN encoder。 基于VQGAN做了从架构到码本学习方式的多种改进——>提升了efficiency和reconstruction fidelity. 包括logits-laplace loss,L2 loss,adversarial loss 和 perceptual loss. 2.stage2(vector-quantized image modeling VIM): 学习了一个自回归的transformer,包括无条件生成/类条件生成/无监督表示学习。Rethinking the Objectives of Vector-Quantized Tokenizers for Image Synthesis. Vector -Quantized (VQ-based) generative models usually consist of two basic components, i.e., VQ tokenizers and generative transformers. Prior research focuses on improving the reconstruction fidelity of VQ tokenizers but rarely examines how the improvement in ...Our experiments show that causal decoder-only models trained on an autoregressive language modeling objective exhibit the strongest zero-shot generalization after purely unsupervised pretraining. However, models with non-causal visibility on their input trained with a masked language modeling objective followed by multitask finetuning perform ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.Venues | OpenReviewBut while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Image-Text Pre-training with Contrastive Captioners ... 2022 Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN May 17, 2022 Contextual Rephrasing in Google ...1 code implementation • 29 May 2023 • Zi Wang , Alexander Ku , Jason Baldridge , Thomas L. Griffiths , Been Kim. Our experiments show it can (1) probe a model's representations of concepts even with a very small number of examples, (2) accurately measure both epistemic uncertainty (how confident the probe is) and aleatory uncertainty (how ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...The discrete image tokens are encoded from a learned Vision-Transformer-based VQGAN (ViT-VQGAN). We first propose multiple improvements over vanilla VQGAN from architecture to codebook learning, yielding better efficiency and reconstruction fidelity. The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including ...Motivated by this success, we explore a Vector-quantized Image Modeling (VIM) approach that involves pretraining a Transformer to predict rasterized image tokens autoregressively. The discrete image tokens are encoded from a learned Vision-Transformer-based VQGAN (ViT-VQGAN).We propose Vector-quantized Image Modeling (VIM), which pretrains a Transformer to predict image tokens autoregressively, where discrete image tokens are produced from improved ViT-VQGAN image quantizers. With our proposed improvements on image quantization, we demonstrate superior results on both image generation and understanding.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN Yu, Jiahui ; Li, Xin ; Koh, Jing Yu ; Zhang, Han ; Pang, Ruoming ; Qin, James ; Ku, Alexander ; Xu, YuanzhongPosted by Jiahui Yu, Senior Research Scientist, and Jing Yu Koh, Research Software Engineer, Google Research In recent years, natural language processing models have dramatically improved their ability to learn general-purpose representations, which has resulted in significant performance gains for a wide range of natural language generation and natural language understanding tasks. In large ...“Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN” proposes a two-stage model that reinvents classic image quantization methods to produce better picture generation and image understanding tasks. The first step is to encode an image into discrete latent codes of lesser dimensions using an image quantization model called VQGAN.“Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN” proposes a two-stage model that reinvents classic image quantization methods to produce better picture generation and image understanding tasks. The first step is to encode an image into discrete latent codes of lesser dimensions using an image quantization model called VQGAN.We present SoundStream, a novel neural audio codec that can efficiently compress speech, music and general audio at bitrates normally targeted by speech-tailored codecs. SoundStream relies on a model architecture composed by a fully convolutional encoder/decoder network and a residual vector quantizer, which are trained jointly end-to-end. Training leverages recent advances in text-to-speech ...This strategy can naturally tap into the rich body of prior work on large language models, which have seen continued advances in capabilities and performance through scaling data and model sizes. Our approach is simple: First, Parti uses a Transformer-based image tokenizer, ViT-VQGAN, to encode images as sequences of discrete tokens.We describe multiple improvements to the image quantizer and show that training a stronger image quantizer is a key component for improving both image generation and image understanding. Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational ...The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256x256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement over ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Venues | OpenReviewThe improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256x256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement over ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.The Vector-Quantized (VQ) codebook is first introduced in VQVAE , which aims to learn discrete priors to encode images. The following work VQGAN proposes a perceptual codebook by further using perceptual loss and adversarial training objectives . We briefly describe the VQGAN model with its codebook in this section, and more details can be ...Vector-quantized image modeling with improved vqgan J Yu, X Li, JY Koh, H Zhang, R Pang, J Qin, A Ku, Y Xu, J Baldridge, Y Wu The Tenth International Conference on Learning Representations , 2021Autoregressive Image Generation using Residual Quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.Abstract and Figures. Although two-stage Vector Quantized (VQ) generative models allow for synthesizing high-fidelity and high-resolution images, their quantization operator encodes similar ...The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256 × 256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement ...The release weight of ViT-VQGAN small which is trained on ImageNet at here; 16/08. First release weight of ViT-VQGAN base which is trained on ImageNet at here; Add an colab notebook at here; About The Project. This is an unofficial implementation of both ViT-VQGAN and RQ-VAE in Pytorch. ViT-VQGAN is a simple ViT-based Vector Quantized ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Described as “a bunch of Python that can take words and make pictures based on trained data sets," VQGANs (Vector Quantized Generative Adversarial Networks) pit neural networks against one another to synthesize “plausible” images. Much coverage has been on the unsettling applications of GANs, but they also have benign uses. Hands-on access through a simplified front-end helps us develop ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.

But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization .... Door plates bandq

vector quantized image modeling with improved vqgan

Image-Text Pre-training with Contrastive Captioners ... 2022 Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN May 17, 2022 Contextual Rephrasing in Google ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with ViT-VQGAN. One recent, commonly used model that quantizes images into integer tokens is the Vector-quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQVAE), a CNN-based auto-encoder whose latent space is a matrix of discrete learnable variables, trained end-to-end.But while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ...The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256 × 256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement ...Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN Jiahui Yu, Xin Li, Jing Yu Koh, Han Zhang, Ruoming Pang, James Qin, Alexander Ku, Yuanzhong Xu, Jason Baldridge, Yonghui Wu ICLR 2022. BEiT v2: Masked Image Modeling with Vector-Quantized Visual Tokenizers Zhiliang Peng, Li Dong, Hangbo Bao, Qixiang Ye, Furu Wei arXiv 2022.Overview of the proposed ViT-VQGAN (left) and VIM (right), which, when working together, is capable of both image generation and image understanding…Abstract and Figures. Although two-stage Vector Quantized (VQ) generative models allow for synthesizing high-fidelity and high-resolution images, their quantization operator encodes similar ...一、改进点: 1.stage1(image quantization ViT-VQGAN): 基于ViT的VQGAN encoder。 基于VQGAN做了从架构到码本学习方式的多种改进——>提升了efficiency和reconstruction fidelity. 包括logits-laplace loss,L2 loss,adversarial loss 和 perceptual loss. 2.stage2(vector-quantized image modeling VIM): 学习了一个自回归的transformer,包括无条件生成/类条件生成/无监督表示学习。The improved ViT-VQGAN further improves vector-quantized image modeling tasks, including unconditional, class-conditioned image generation and unsupervised representation learning. When trained on ImageNet at 256x256 resolution, we achieve Inception Score (IS) of 175.1 and Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) of 4.17, a dramatic improvement over ...Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN Yu, Jiahui ; Li, Xin ; Koh, Jing Yu ; Zhang, Han ; Pang, Ruoming ; Qin, James ; Ku, Alexander ; Xu, YuanzhongBut while such models have achieved strong performance for image generation, few studies have evaluated the learned representation for downstream discriminative tasks (such as image classification). In “Vector-Quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGAN”, we propose a two-stage model that reconceives traditional image quantization ....

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